قرص اشکال دوز جامد ساخته شده توسط مواد مخدر به طور یکنواخت با مواد مخدر مناسب و فشار دادن آنها به آماده سازی جامد مسطح یا نامنظم شکل. آنها به طور کلی به قرص های گرد یا شکل دیگر بدون پوشش قند مراجعه می کنند, و همچنین می توان در انواع مختلف قرص ها ساخته شد, مانند قرص های پراکنده, قرص های پایدار, قرص های کنترل شده, قرص های چند لایه, قرص های روکش شده با روده, قرص های جویدنی, و قرص های باکال. کپسول, از طرف دیگر, اشکال دوز جامد پر از مواد مخدر یا مواد تحریک کننده در یک کپسول توخالی یا مهر و موم شده در یک پوسته نرم است, با شکل بیضی در هر دو انتها, که می تواند حاوی مایع باشد, ژل, یا داروهای پودر شده در داخل.
قرص ها معمولاً گرد هستند, در حالی که کپسول ها در هر دو انتها عمدتا بیضی شکل هستند, و همچنین ممکن است از نظر اندازه متفاوت باشد, depending on the drug dosage and formulation requirements. In terms of internal structure, tablets are made by directly pressing drug powder or granules, whereas capsules place the drug inside an edible shell. علاوه بر, while both can achieve slow drug release, capsules have a relative advantage in timed and targeted drug release. به عنوان مثال, enteric-coated capsules can ensure that the drug is released in the intestines, reducing the stimulation of the drug on the stomach; some special tablets, such as enteric tablets, have similar functions, but the overall structure of capsules provides better protection for such targeted release.
The main process for tablets involves mixing drugs with excipients and then pressing them directly, با در نظر گرفتن عواملی مانند تراکم پذیری و جریان پذیری دارو برای اطمینان از کیفیت قرص ها. به عنوان مثال, فشار در طی فرآیند فشار بر سختی قرص ها و زمان تجزیه تأثیر می گذارد. تهیه کپسول ها شامل پر کردن کپسول های سخت است (مخلوط کردن داروها با مواد تحریک کننده یکنواخت, آنها را به پودرها تبدیل کنید, گرانول ها, قرص های کوچک, یا قرص های کوچک, و آنها را در کپسول های توخالی پر کنید) یا تهیه کپسول های نرم (به طور مستقیم مقدار مشخصی از داروهای مایع را آب بندی کنید, یا حل یا پراکنده کردن داروهای جامد در مواد تحریک کننده مناسب برای تهیه راه حل, تعلیق, یا امولسیون, و سپس آنها را در پوسته های نرم آب بندی کنید). کیفیت پوسته زیاد است, مانند ژلاتین به عنوان ماده اولیه اصلی کپسول های خالی, و همچنین لازم است استفاده از پلاستیک سازها را در نظر بگیرید, مسدود کننده های سبک, رنگ, مواد نگهدارنده, و سایر مواد افزودنی, و برای کنترل مشخصات کپسول های خالی (وجود دارد 8 نوع, 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, معمولاً مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد 0-5), طول, ضخامت, محتوای آب, محدودیت زمانی انحلال, باقیمانده پس از محاسبه, معاینه میکروبی, و سایر شاخص های کیفیت.
نقاب زدن بوی داروی ناخوشایند و تقویت پایداری
پوسته کپسول می تواند به طور موثری دارو را محاصره کند, فراهم کردن محافظت خوب برای داروها با بوی بد یا آنهایی که به راحتی تحت تأثیر محیط بیرونی قرار می گیرند (مانند هوا, سبک, رطوبت, و غیره) و بدتر شدن. به عنوان مثال, برخی از کپسول های روغن ماهی بوی ماهی خاصی دارند. اگر در قرص درست شود, بوی ممکن است بر رعایت بیمار به دلیل انتشار بو تأثیر بگذارد, در حالی که پوسته کپسول می تواند به طور موثری این بو را بپوشاند. در همان زمان, the capsule shell can prevent external moisture and oxygen from entering, protecting the stability of the drug components. Some drugs that are sensitive to oxygen can be better preserved under the protection of the capsule.
Improving Drug Bioavailability and Rapid Efficacy
Drugs in capsules, especially those that are more easily absorbed in liquid or soft states, may have higher bioavailability compared to some tablets. When the capsule enters the body, the shell dissolves quickly, and the drug inside can disperse and dissolve rapidly, thus being absorbed by the human body. به عنوان مثال, some drugs that are insoluble in water can be made into capsules by dissolving the drug in an appropriate oil and filling it into a soft capsule, which can improve the solubility and absorption rate of the drug, and may work faster than tablets.
Timed and Targeted Drug Release
Capsules can achieve timed and targeted drug release. به عنوان مثال, enteric-coated capsules have a specially designed shell that can resist the erosion of gastric acid and will only dissolve and release the drug when it enters the alkaline environment of the intestines. This is very important for drugs that can only better exert their efficacy in the intestines or are irritating to the stomach, such as some antibiotics or enzyme drugs. Making them into enteric-coated capsules can ensure that the drug works in the intestines, avoid damage to the gastric mucosa, and improve the therapeutic effect of the drug.
Solidification of Liquid Drugs
For some drugs that are liquid in nature, capsules can transform them into solid form, which is convenient for storage, transportation, and administration. به عنوان مثال, some drugs containing fats or essential oils of traditional Chinese medicine, when made into soft capsules, not only facilitate patient administration but also ensure accurate drug dosing and improve drug stability.
Accurate Dosing and Stable Quality
During the production process of tablets, precise molds can ensure uniform drug content in each tablet, with accurate dosing. علاوه بر این, since tablets are solid and have a relatively dense structure, they are less affected by external air, سبک, رطوبت, و غیره, especially those with coatings, such as sugar-coated tablets and film-coated tablets. The coating layer can further protect the drug from external environmental interference, making the drug quality more stable and less likely to deteriorate during storage and transportation.
High Production Efficiency and Low Cost
فرآیند تولید قرص ها نسبتاً بالغ و مناسب برای تولید صنعتی در مقیاس بزرگ است. از طریق تجهیزات فشرده سازی مکانیزه و خودکار, تعداد زیادی از قرص ها را می توان به سرعت و کارآمد تولید کرد. علاوه بر این, از آنجا که فرآیند تولید به مواد خاص پوسته مانند کپسول احتیاج ندارد, هزینه های اولیه مواد و سرمایه گذاری تجهیزات تولید نسبتاً کم است. این همچنین باعث می شود قیمت قرص ها اغلب از کپسول ها ارزان تر شوند, که می تواند نیازهای داروهای در مقیاس بزرگ را برآورده کند و در تخصیص منابع پزشکی از مزایای خاصی برخوردار باشد.
برای رفع نیازهای مختلف می توان به انواع مختلفی تبدیل شد
قرص ها را می توان با توجه به نیازهای مختلف درمانی به انواع مختلفی تبدیل کرد. به عنوان مثال, قرص های پراکنده می توانند به سرعت در آب حل شوند, suitable for patients with difficulty swallowing or those who need rapid effects; sustained-release tablets and controlled-release tablets can slowly release drugs, maintaining a stable blood drug concentration in the body, reducing the number of doses, and improving patient compliance; chewable tablets are suitable for children or the elderly with poor swallowing function, which can be chewed in the mouth before administration, and the taste is relatively good; buccal tablets are mainly used for local treatment in the oral cavity, such as relieving throat pain.
Limited Range of Applicable Drugs
Not all drugs are suitable for making into capsules. به عنوان مثال, soluble drugs (such as iodides, bromides, و غیره), deliquescent drugs, and hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for making into capsules. If soluble drugs are made into capsules, they may dissolve a lot in the shell before the capsule shell is completely dissolved, affecting the normal release and efficacy of the drug; deliquescent drugs lose crystalline water during storage, which may change the properties of the drug and also affect the stability of the capsule shell; hygroscopic drugs easily absorb moisture from the air, which may soften, deform, or even damage the capsule shell, thus affecting the quality and stability of the drug.
High Storage Requirements
The shell of the capsule is prone to mold and softening in high temperature and humidity environments. If the storage environment is improper, such as in places with high humidity or high temperature, the capsule shell may be affected, which in turn affects the quality of the drug. به عنوان مثال, during the plum rain season in the south, if the capsules are not properly stored, they are easy to mold, and such capsules, once taken, may pose a risk to health. از این رو, capsules need to be stored in a dry, cool environment, and attention should be paid to moisture-proof and mildew-proof.
May Be Slower in Efficacy
Compared to capsules, the drug release speed of some tablets may be slower. Especially for ordinary tablets without special designs (such as not being dispersible tablets, rapid-release tablets, و غیره), the drug needs to undergo disintegration and dissolution in the body before it can be absorbed, which may take longer than the dissolution and absorption process of capsules. از این رو, in situations where rapid efficacy is needed, tablets may not be as suitable as capsules. به عنوان مثال, in the treatment of acute pain, if ordinary tablets are used, it may take a longer time to feel the effect of the drug, while drugs in capsule form may work faster.
May Irritate the Gastrointestinal Tract
Some tablets, after disintegrating in the stomach, directly contact the gastric mucosa with the drug. For drugs that are irritating to the gastric mucosa, they may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and other symptoms. Although there are special types of tablets like enteric-coated tablets that can reduce gastric irritation, not all tablets have this protective measure. In comparison, کپسول ها (especially enteric-coated capsules) can avoid gastric irritation by releasing the drug in the intestines.
شکل Characteristics
Tablets are generally round or other regular shapes (such as oval, triangular, و غیره), and their shapes are relatively regular and flat. Capsules are usually oval-shaped at both ends, looking more like a small ellipsoid, with a certain sense of three-dimensionality. This difference in shape makes them easy to distinguish in appearance. به عنوان مثال, common aspirin tablets are round white tablets, while some fish oil capsules are typical oval capsules.
Size and Weight
In terms of size and weight, there is no fixed rule that capsules are definitely larger or smaller, heavier or lighter than tablets. This depends on specific factors such as drug dosage, the use of excipients, and formulation design requirements. به عنوان مثال, some high-dose drugs may be made into larger tablets or capsules; similarly, to facilitate patient administration, some low-dose drugs may also be made into relatively small tablets or capsules. با این حال, generally speaking, since the capsule shell itself has a certain thickness, the same dose of drug, if made into a capsule, may be slightly larger than a tablet.
State of Drug Components
Tablets mainly press the drug into powder or granule form, and the drug components inside the tablet are relatively dense solid states. The drugs inside the capsule can be powders, گرانول ها, یا مایعات, gels, و غیره. به عنوان مثال, soft capsules often contain liquid drugs, such as some vitamin E soft capsules, which are liquid vitamin E inside; while hard capsules may contain powdered or small granule drugs, such as some cold capsules, which are a mixture of various powdered drug components inside.
Drug Release Mechanism
The drug release of tablets mainly depends on the disintegration and dissolution process in the body. When the tablet enters the gastrointestinal tract, under the action of digestive juices, the tablet gradually disintegrates into small particles, and then the drug components dissolve from these small particles and are absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Different types of tablets will have different disintegration and dissolution speeds, such as dispersible tablets that can dissolve quickly in water, while ordinary tablets require a certain amount of time. The drug release of capsules is first dissolved by the shell, and then the drug (whether it is powder, گرانول ها, مایع, or gel) inside quickly disperses and dissolves. For enteric-coated capsules, the shell will not dissolve in the stomach until it enters the specific environment of the intestines and then dissolves and releases the drug. This special release mechanism can achieve targeted drug release.
Complexity of Production Process
The production process of tablets is mainly the mixing and pressing of drugs and excipients. This process is relatively direct, focusing on controlling the uniformity of mixing of drugs and excipients, pressing pressure, tablet thickness, and other parameters. The production process of capsules is relatively more complex. For hard capsules, empty capsules need to be prepared first (including steps such as sol preparation, dipping, drying, shell pulling, برش دادن, and sorting), and then the powder or granules made by mixing drugs and excipients are filled into empty capsules; for soft capsules, the drug is made into a solution, suspension, or emulsion and then sealed into a soft shell, which involves more processes and technical requirements. به عنوان مثال, the drop-making or pressing process of soft capsules requires precise control.
Differences in Production Costs
Since the production process of tablets is relatively simple and does not require special shell materials like capsules, the production cost is often lower. The production equipment for tablets is relatively common, and a large number of tablets can be produced quickly through efficient pressing equipment during large-scale production, and the cost of excipients for tablets is also relatively low. The production cost of capsules is relatively high, mainly because the production of empty capsules requires certain raw materials (such as gelatin, و غیره) and process costs, and the filling or soft capsule production process of capsules also requires specific equipment and technology, which will increase the production cost of capsules.
Ease of Swallowing
For some patients, capsules may be easier to swallow than tablets. The shape of capsules is relatively round and smooth, and they may pass through the throat more smoothly during swallowing. Some larger tablets or irregularly shaped tablets may cause discomfort during swallowing and may even get stuck in the throat. با این حال, some patients may find tablets easier to swallow, which may be related to individual swallowing habits. به عنوان مثال, some elderly or children may find capsules too large to swallow, while adults who are used to swallowing drugs whole may have a higher acceptance of tablets.
Differences in Taste
Tablets usually do not have a special taste, and some tablets may have a bitter or strange taste due to the taste of the drug itself or the taste of the excipients. If there is no coating protection, this taste may be more pronounced. کپسول, due to the wrapping of the shell, basically do not feel the taste of the drug in the mouth until the capsule dissolves in the gastrointestinal tract and releases the taste of the drug, so in terms of taste, they may be better than some uncoated tablets.
For drugs with high stability requirements
If drugs are easily affected by the external environment (مانند هوا, سبک, رطوبت, و غیره) و بدتر شدن, capsules often have an advantage. به عنوان مثال, some drugs that are sensitive to oxygen or easily absorb moisture, the shell of the capsule can provide better protection, preventing the drug from contacting the external environment, thus maintaining the stability of the drug. Although tablets can also improve stability through coating and other methods, for drugs with extremely high stability requirements, the protective effect of capsules may be better.
For drugs with poor solubility
For drugs that are difficult to dissolve in water or have poor solubility in specific solvents, capsules may be a better choice. If these drugs are made into capsules, their solubility and bioavailability can be improved by dissolving the drugs in appropriate oils and filling them into soft capsules. For tablets with poor solubility drugs, without special formulation designs (such as making into dispersible tablets, و غیره), it may affect the absorption and efficacy of the drug.
When rapid efficacy is needed
When rapid drug efficacy is needed, such as in the treatment of acute pain, acute infections, and other diseases, capsules may be more suitable. Because the drugs in capsules may dissolve and absorb faster in the body, especially those liquid or soft-state drugs in capsules, once the shell dissolves, the drug can quickly disperse and be absorbed. Ordinary tablets may require a longer disintegration and dissolution time, resulting in slower efficacy.
When stable blood drug concentration is needed
In the treatment of some chronic diseases, it is necessary to maintain a stable blood drug concentration. At this time, special types of tablets such as sustained-release tablets or controlled-release tablets have advantages. These tablets can slowly and continuously release drugs, keeping the blood drug concentration in the body at a relatively stable level, reducing the number of doses, and improving patient compliance. Although capsules can also achieve sustained and controlled release through special formulation designs, tablets have more mature and diverse technologies in this regard.
Mass production needs
If there is a need for mass production of drugs, the production process of tablets is more suitable. The production equipment for tablets is relatively simple and efficient, and a large number of products can be produced quickly. علاوه بر این, the cost of tablets is lower, which can meet the needs of mass medication and have certain advantages in the allocation of medical resources. The production process of capsules is relatively complex, and the cost is higher. Mass production may face some challenges in cost control and production efficiency.
Cost-effectiveness considerations
From the perspective of cost-effectiveness, for some common, price-sensitive drugs, tablets are usually a more economical choice. Due to their lower production costs, drug prices can be more affordable, allowing more patients to afford them. کپسول, due to their higher production costs, often have higher prices, which may be limited to some extent for patients with limited budgets or in large-scale public health projects.
Ease of swallowing
For patients with difficulty swallowing (such as the elderly, children, یا بیمارانی که دارای بیماری های خاص گلو هستند), سهولت کپسول ها و لوح های بلع باید طبق شرایط خاص مورد قضاوت قرار گیرد. اگرچه شکل کپسول ها نسبتاً گرد است و ممکن است بلع آن آسان تر باشد, اگر کپسول ها بزرگ هستند یا بیماران موانع روانی برای بلع کپسول دارند, آنها ممکن است آن را دشوار کنند. برای برخی از قرص های کوچکتر یا قرص های مخصوص طراحی شده (مانند گلزنی برای شکستن آسان), ممکن است بیماران بلع آن را راحت تر بدانند. علاوه بر این, برخی از بیماران ممکن است قبل از تجویز به جویدن یا حل قرص ها عادت داشته باشند, که همچنین بر پذیرش آنها از دو فرم دوز تا حدی تأثیر می گذارد.
پذیرش طعم و بو
اگر بیماران به طعم و بوی دارو حساس هستند, کپسول ها ممکن است محبوب تر باشند. Because capsules basically do not release the taste of drugs in the mouth until they dissolve in the gastrointestinal tract. Tablets without coating or incomplete coating may have a bitter or strange taste, affecting the patient’s medication experience. با این حال, for some patients who like to swallow drugs whole and do not mind the taste and odor of drugs, tablets are also acceptable.
Capsules and tablets represent two distinct pharmaceutical dosage forms, هر کدام با مزایا و محدودیت های منحصر به فرد. Capsules excel in masking unpleasant odors, providing targeted release, and handling liquid medications, while tablets offer precise dosing, cost-effectiveness, and manufacturing versatility. The choice between capsules and tablets depends on specific drug properties, therapeutic requirements, production considerations, and patient preferences, برجسته کردن اهمیت استراتژی های فرمولاسیون دارویی متناسب.
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پیوندهای دوستانه: بسته بندی غنی | تولید کنندگان دستگاه پرکن کپسول
