Comprimidos As formas de dosagem sólidas são feitas por mistura uniformemente de drogas com excipientes adequados e pressionando-os em preparações sólidas planas ou irregulares. Eles geralmente se referem a comprimidos redondos ou outros comprimidos sem revestimento de açúcar, e também pode ser transformado em vários tipos de comprimidos, como comprimidos dispersíveis, comprimidos de liberação sustentada, comprimidos de liberação controlada, comprimidos de várias camadas, comprimidos com revestimento entérico, comprimidos mastigáveis, e comprimidos bucal. Cápsulas, por outro lado, são formulários de dosagem sólidos cheios de drogas ou excipientes em uma cápsula oca ou selados em uma concha macia, com uma forma oval nas duas extremidades, que pode conter líquido, gel, ou drogas em pó dentro.
Os comprimidos geralmente são redondos, enquanto as cápsulas são principalmente em forma oval nas duas extremidades, e também pode diferir em tamanho, depending on the drug dosage and formulation requirements. In terms of internal structure, tablets are made by directly pressing drug powder or granules, whereas capsules place the drug inside an edible shell. Adicionalmente, while both can achieve slow drug release, capsules have a relative advantage in timed and targeted drug release. Por exemplo, enteric-coated capsules can ensure that the drug is released in the intestines, reducing the stimulation of the drug on the stomach; some special tablets, such as enteric tablets, have similar functions, but the overall structure of capsules provides better protection for such targeted release.
The main process for tablets involves mixing drugs with excipients and then pressing them directly, Considerando fatores como a compressibilidade e fluxabilidade do medicamento para garantir a qualidade dos comprimidos. Por exemplo, A pressão durante o processo de prensagem afeta a dureza dos comprimidos e o tempo de desintegração. A preparação de cápsulas inclui o preenchimento de cápsulas duras (Mistura de drogas com excipientes uniformemente, transformando -os em pós, grânulos, pequenos comprimidos, ou comprimidos pequenos, e preenchendo -os em cápsulas ocas) ou a preparação de cápsulas macias (Selando uma certa quantidade de medicamentos líquidos diretamente, ou dissolução ou dispersão de medicamentos sólidos em excipientes adequados para preparar soluções, suspensões, ou emulsões, e então selando -os em conchas macias). A qualidade da concha é alta, como gelatina como a principal matéria -prima para cápsulas vazias, e também é necessário considerar o uso de plastificantes, bloqueadores de luz, corantes, preservatives, and other additives, e controlar as especificações de cápsulas vazias (há 8 tipos, 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, comumente usado 0-5), comprimento, grossura, teor de água, limite de tempo de dissolução, resíduo após calcinação, Exame microbiano, e outros indicadores de qualidade.
Mascarar odores desagradáveis de drogas e melhorar a estabilidade
A concha da cápsula pode efetivamente encapsular o medicamento, Fornecendo boa proteção para medicamentos com maus cheiros ou aqueles que são facilmente afetados pelo ambiente externo (como ar, luz, umidade, etc.) e deteriorar -se. Por exemplo, Algumas cápsulas de óleo de peixe têm um cheiro especial de peixe. Se transformado em tablets, O cheiro pode afetar a conformidade do paciente devido à difusão do odor, Enquanto a concha da cápsula pode efetivamente cobrir esse cheiro. Ao mesmo tempo, A concha da cápsula pode impedir a entrada de umidade e oxigênio externos, protegendo a estabilidade dos componentes de medicamentos. Some drugs that are sensitive to oxygen can be better preserved under the protection of the capsule.
Improving Drug Bioavailability and Rapid Efficacy
Drugs in capsules, especially those that are more easily absorbed in liquid or soft states, may have higher bioavailability compared to some tablets. When the capsule enters the body, the shell dissolves quickly, and the drug inside can disperse and dissolve rapidly, thus being absorbed by the human body. Por exemplo, some drugs that are insoluble in water can be made into capsules by dissolving the drug in an appropriate oil and filling it into a soft capsule, which can improve the solubility and absorption rate of the drug, and may work faster than tablets.
Timed and Targeted Drug Release
Capsules can achieve timed and targeted drug release. Por exemplo, As cápsulas revestidas entéricas têm uma concha especialmente projetada que pode resistir à erosão do ácido gástrico e apenas dissolverá e liberará o medicamento quando entrar no ambiente alcalino do intestino. Isso é muito importante para drogas que só podem exercer melhor sua eficácia no intestino ou irritantes, como alguns antibióticos ou medicamentos enzimáticos. Torná-los em cápsulas de revestimento entérico podem garantir que o medicamento funcione no intestino, Evite danos à mucosa gástrica, e melhorar o efeito terapêutico do medicamento.
Solidificação de medicamentos líquidos
Para alguns medicamentos que são líquidos de natureza, cápsulas podem transformá -las em forma sólida, o que é conveniente para armazenamento, transporte, e administração. Por exemplo, Algumas drogas contendo gorduras ou óleos essenciais da medicina tradicional chinesa, Quando transformado em cápsulas macias, Não apenas facilitar a administração do paciente, mas também garantir a dosagem precisa do medicamento e melhorar a estabilidade do medicamento.
Dose precisa e qualidade estável
Durante o processo de produção de tablets, Moldes precisos podem garantir um conteúdo uniforme do medicamento em cada comprimido, com dosagem precisa. Além disso, Como os comprimidos são sólidos e têm uma estrutura relativamente densa, Eles são menos afetados pelo ar externo, luz, umidade, etc., especialmente aqueles com revestimentos, como comprimidos revestidos com açúcar e comprimidos revestidos com filme. A camada de revestimento pode proteger ainda mais o medicamento da interferência ambiental externa, Tornando a qualidade do medicamento mais estável e menos propenso a se deteriorar durante o armazenamento e transporte.
Alta eficiência de produção e baixo custo
O processo de produção de tablets é relativamente maduro e adequado para produção industrial em larga escala. Através de equipamentos de prensagem mecanizados e automatizados, Um grande número de comprimidos pode ser produzido de maneira rápida e eficiente. Além disso, Como o processo de produção não requer materiais especiais de concha, como cápsulas, Os custos de matéria -prima e o investimento em equipamentos de produção são relativamente baixos. Isso também torna o preço dos comprimidos geralmente mais baratos que as cápsulas, que podem atender às necessidades de medicamentos em larga escala e ter certas vantagens na alocação de recursos médicos.
Pode ser transformado em vários tipos para atender às diferentes necessidades
Os comprimidos podem ser transformados em vários tipos de acordo com diferentes necessidades terapêuticas. Por exemplo, Os comprimidos dispersíveis podem se dissolver rapidamente na água, Adequado para pacientes com dificuldade em engolir ou aqueles que precisam de efeitos rápidos; sustained-release tablets and controlled-release tablets can slowly release drugs, maintaining a stable blood drug concentration in the body, reducing the number of doses, and improving patient compliance; chewable tablets are suitable for children or the elderly with poor swallowing function, which can be chewed in the mouth before administration, and the taste is relatively good; buccal tablets are mainly used for local treatment in the oral cavity, such as relieving throat pain.
Limited Range of Applicable Drugs
Not all drugs are suitable for making into capsules. Por exemplo, soluble drugs (such as iodides, bromides, etc.), deliquescent drugs, and hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for making into capsules. If soluble drugs are made into capsules, they may dissolve a lot in the shell before the capsule shell is completely dissolved, affecting the normal release and efficacy of the drug; deliquescent drugs lose crystalline water during storage, which may change the properties of the drug and also affect the stability of the capsule shell; hygroscopic drugs easily absorb moisture from the air, which may soften, deform, or even damage the capsule shell, thus affecting the quality and stability of the drug.
High Storage Requirements
The shell of the capsule is prone to mold and softening in high temperature and humidity environments. If the storage environment is improper, such as in places with high humidity or high temperature, the capsule shell may be affected, which in turn affects the quality of the drug. Por exemplo, during the plum rain season in the south, if the capsules are not properly stored, they are easy to mold, and such capsules, once taken, may pose a risk to health. Portanto, capsules need to be stored in a dry, cool environment, and attention should be paid to moisture-proof and mildew-proof.
May Be Slower in Efficacy
Compared to capsules, the drug release speed of some tablets may be slower. Especially for ordinary tablets without special designs (such as not being dispersible tablets, rapid-release tablets, etc.), the drug needs to undergo disintegration and dissolution in the body before it can be absorbed, which may take longer than the dissolution and absorption process of capsules. Portanto, in situations where rapid efficacy is needed, tablets may not be as suitable as capsules. Por exemplo, in the treatment of acute pain, if ordinary tablets are used, it may take a longer time to feel the effect of the drug, while drugs in capsule form may work faster.
May Irritate the Gastrointestinal Tract
Some tablets, after disintegrating in the stomach, directly contact the gastric mucosa with the drug. For drugs that are irritating to the gastric mucosa, they may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and other symptoms. Although there are special types of tablets like enteric-coated tablets that can reduce gastric irritation, not all tablets have this protective measure. In comparison, cápsulas (especially enteric-coated capsules) can avoid gastric irritation by releasing the drug in the intestines.
Forma Characteristics
Tablets are generally round or other regular shapes (such as oval, triangular, etc.), and their shapes are relatively regular and flat. Capsules are usually oval-shaped at both ends, looking more like a small ellipsoid, with a certain sense of three-dimensionality. This difference in shape makes them easy to distinguish in appearance. Por exemplo, common aspirin tablets are round white tablets, while some fish oil capsules are typical oval capsules.
Size and Weight
In terms of size and weight, there is no fixed rule that capsules are definitely larger or smaller, heavier or lighter than tablets. This depends on specific factors such as drug dosage, the use of excipients, and formulation design requirements. Por exemplo, some high-dose drugs may be made into larger tablets or capsules; similarly, to facilitate patient administration, some low-dose drugs may also be made into relatively small tablets or capsules. No entanto, generally speaking, since the capsule shell itself has a certain thickness, the same dose of drug, if made into a capsule, may be slightly larger than a tablet.
State of Drug Components
Tablets mainly press the drug into powder or granule form, and the drug components inside the tablet are relatively dense solid states. The drugs inside the capsule can be powders, grânulos, ou líquidos, gels, etc.. Por exemplo, soft capsules often contain liquid drugs, such as some vitamin E soft capsules, which are liquid vitamin E inside; while hard capsules may contain powdered or small granule drugs, such as some cold capsules, which are a mixture of various powdered drug components inside.
Drug Release Mechanism
The drug release of tablets mainly depends on the disintegration and dissolution process in the body. Quando o tablet entra no trato gastrointestinal, Sob a ação dos sucos digestivos, O comprimido se desintegra gradualmente em pequenas partículas, e então os componentes do medicamento se dissolvem dessas pequenas partículas e são absorvidos pelo trato gastrointestinal. Diferentes tipos de comprimidos terão diferentes velocidades de desintegração e dissolução, como comprimidos dispersíveis que podem se dissolver rapidamente na água, Enquanto os comprimidos comuns exigem uma certa quantidade de tempo. A liberação de medicamentos de cápsulas é primeiro dissolvida pela concha, E então a droga (Seja em pó, grânulos, líquido, ou gel) por dentro se dispersam e dissolve rapidamente. Para cápsulas de revestimento entérico, A concha não se dissolverá no estômago até entrar no ambiente específico do intestino e depois dissolve e libera o medicamento. This special release mechanism can achieve targeted drug release.
Complexity of Production Process
The production process of tablets is mainly the mixing and pressing of drugs and excipients. This process is relatively direct, focusing on controlling the uniformity of mixing of drugs and excipients, pressing pressure, tablet thickness, and other parameters. The production process of capsules is relatively more complex. For hard capsules, empty capsules need to be prepared first (including steps such as sol preparation, dipping, secagem, shell pulling, corte, and sorting), and then the powder or granules made by mixing drugs and excipients are filled into empty capsules; for soft capsules, the drug is made into a solution, suspension, or emulsion and then sealed into a soft shell, which involves more processes and technical requirements. Por exemplo, the drop-making or pressing process of soft capsules requires precise control.
Differences in Production Costs
Since the production process of tablets is relatively simple and does not require special shell materials like capsules, the production cost is often lower. The production equipment for tablets is relatively common, and a large number of tablets can be produced quickly through efficient pressing equipment during large-scale production, and the cost of excipients for tablets is also relatively low. The production cost of capsules is relatively high, mainly because the production of empty capsules requires certain raw materials (such as gelatin, etc.) and process costs, and the filling or soft capsule production process of capsules also requires specific equipment and technology, which will increase the production cost of capsules.
Facilidade de engolir
For some patients, capsules may be easier to swallow than tablets. The shape of capsules is relatively round and smooth, and they may pass through the throat more smoothly during swallowing. Some larger tablets or irregularly shaped tablets may cause discomfort during swallowing and may even get stuck in the throat. No entanto, some patients may find tablets easier to swallow, which may be related to individual swallowing habits. Por exemplo, some elderly or children may find capsules too large to swallow, while adults who are used to swallowing drugs whole may have a higher acceptance of tablets.
Differences in Taste
Tablets usually do not have a special taste, and some tablets may have a bitter or strange taste due to the taste of the drug itself or the taste of the excipients. If there is no coating protection, this taste may be more pronounced. Cápsulas, due to the wrapping of the shell, basically do not feel the taste of the drug in the mouth until the capsule dissolves in the gastrointestinal tract and releases the taste of the drug, so in terms of taste, they may be better than some uncoated tablets.
For drugs with high stability requirements
If drugs are easily affected by the external environment (como ar, luz, umidade, etc.) e deteriorar -se, capsules often have an advantage. Por exemplo, some drugs that are sensitive to oxygen or easily absorb moisture, the shell of the capsule can provide better protection, preventing the drug from contacting the external environment, thus maintaining the stability of the drug. Although tablets can also improve stability through coating and other methods, for drugs with extremely high stability requirements, the protective effect of capsules may be better.
For drugs with poor solubility
For drugs that are difficult to dissolve in water or have poor solubility in specific solvents, capsules may be a better choice. If these drugs are made into capsules, their solubility and bioavailability can be improved by dissolving the drugs in appropriate oils and filling them into soft capsules. For tablets with poor solubility drugs, without special formulation designs (such as making into dispersible tablets, etc.), it may affect the absorption and efficacy of the drug.
When rapid efficacy is needed
When rapid drug efficacy is needed, such as in the treatment of acute pain, acute infections, and other diseases, capsules may be more suitable. Because the drugs in capsules may dissolve and absorb faster in the body, especially those liquid or soft-state drugs in capsules, once the shell dissolves, the drug can quickly disperse and be absorbed. Ordinary tablets may require a longer disintegration and dissolution time, resulting in slower efficacy.
When stable blood drug concentration is needed
In the treatment of some chronic diseases, it is necessary to maintain a stable blood drug concentration. At this time, special types of tablets such as sustained-release tablets or controlled-release tablets have advantages. These tablets can slowly and continuously release drugs, keeping the blood drug concentration in the body at a relatively stable level, reducing the number of doses, and improving patient compliance. Although capsules can also achieve sustained and controlled release through special formulation designs, tablets have more mature and diverse technologies in this regard.
Mass production needs
If there is a need for mass production of drugs, the production process of tablets is more suitable. The production equipment for tablets is relatively simple and efficient, and a large number of products can be produced quickly. Além disso, the cost of tablets is lower, which can meet the needs of mass medication and have certain advantages in the allocation of medical resources. The production process of capsules is relatively complex, and the cost is higher. Mass production may face some challenges in cost control and production efficiency.
Cost-effectiveness considerations
From the perspective of cost-effectiveness, for some common, price-sensitive drugs, tablets are usually a more economical choice. Due to their lower production costs, drug prices can be more affordable, allowing more patients to afford them. Cápsulas, due to their higher production costs, often have higher prices, which may be limited to some extent for patients with limited budgets or in large-scale public health projects.
Ease of swallowing
For patients with difficulty swallowing (such as the elderly, children, ou pacientes com certas doenças da garganta), A facilidade de engolir cápsulas e comprimidos precisa ser julgada de acordo com situações específicas. Embora a forma das cápsulas seja relativamente redonda e possa ser mais fácil de engolir, Se as cápsulas são grandes ou os pacientes têm barreiras psicológicas para engolir cápsulas, Eles podem achar difícil. Para alguns comprimidos menores ou comprimidos especialmente projetados (como marcado para fácil quebrar), Os pacientes podem achar mais fácil engolir. Além disso, Alguns pacientes podem estar acostumados a mastigar ou dissolver comprimidos antes da administração, o que também afeta sua aceitação das duas dose formas até certo ponto.
Aceitação de paladar e odor
Se os pacientes são sensíveis ao sabor e odor dos medicamentos, cápsulas podem ser mais populares. Because capsules basically do not release the taste of drugs in the mouth until they dissolve in the gastrointestinal tract. Tablets without coating or incomplete coating may have a bitter or strange taste, affecting the patient’s medication experience. No entanto, for some patients who like to swallow drugs whole and do not mind the taste and odor of drugs, tablets are also acceptable.
Capsules and tablets represent two distinct pharmaceutical dosage forms, cada um com vantagens e limitações únicas. Capsules excel in masking unpleasant odors, providing targeted release, and handling liquid medications, while tablets offer precise dosing, cost-effectiveness, and manufacturing versatility. The choice between capsules and tablets depends on specific drug properties, therapeutic requirements, production considerations, and patient preferences, destacando a importância das estratégias de formulação farmacêutica personalizadas.
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